Je, ni Kweli Quran Haijawahi Kubadilika na Wala Haina Mkono wa Mwanadamu Ndani Yake?

Utangulizi

Rafiki yangu Ibra, amekuwa akinishambulia sana kwa kusema kuwa Biblia ni kitabu kisichoaminika bali Quran ndiyo inayopaswa kuaminiwa. Hoja yake kuu, kama ilivyo kwa Waislamu wengine wengi ni kwamba, Biblia imeingizwa maneno ya kibinadamu kiasi kwamba yale ambayo Mungu aliyateremsha ni kama hayapo tena leo.

Katika makala haya ninapenda tuangalie swali kwamba: Je, ni kweli Quran ni kitabu ambacho hakijawahi kubadilika? Je, ujumbe wake ndio uleule ambao aliteremshiwa Muhammad na Allah? Je, ni kitabu cha kuaminika kuliko Biblia kama wanavyosema Waislamu?

Quran iliandikwaje?

Ni jambo linalofahamika wazi kwamba Muhammad hakujua kusoma wala kuandika, hivyo japokuwa aya za Quran ziliteremshwa kwake, si yeye aliyeandika kitabu cha Quran. Badala yake aya hizi zilikuwa zikiandikwa kwenye sehemu mbalimbali na wafuasi wake, kwa mfano kwenye mawe, mifupa ya wanyama, majani ya miti, n.k., na hasa kwa kukaririwa na watu mbalimbali. Kwa hiyo, hadi Muhammad anauawa (maana alikufa kwa kunyweshwa sumu – unaweza kusoma HAPA), hakukuwa na kitabu cha Quran kama tukijuavyo leo. Hata hivyo, idadi kubwa ya watu waliokuwa wamekariri aya nyingi za Quran waliuawa kwenye vita vya Yamama mwaka 632 BK – soma zaidi HAPA.

Hatimaye Abu Bakr, ambaye alikuwa ni khalifa wa kwanza, alitoa agizo la kukusanywa kwa aya za Quran toka sehemu mbalimbali ili ziweze kufanywa kitabu. Aliyepewa kazi hiyo aliitwa Zayd ibn Thabit. Zayd alikamilisha kazi hiyo mwaka 634. Abu Bakr alibaki na kazi hiyo hadi alipokufa. Ndipo ilikabidhiwa kwa khalifa Umar. Naye alipokufa, ilikabidhiwa kwa mjane wa Muhammad aliyeitwa Hafsa.

Miaka takriban 20 baada ya kifo cha Muhammad, wakati wa khalifa Uthman kulitokea mabishano juu ya namna sahihi ya usomaji wa aya za Quran. Uthman aliagiza kuwa ile nakala ya Hafsa pamoja na maandiko mengine mbalimbali ya Quran yakusanywe ili iweze kuandikwa nakala rasmi. Kazi hiyo ilifanywa na Zayd ibn Thabit, Abdullah bin Az-Zubair, Sa’id bin Al-As na Abdur-Rahman bin Harith. Hii ndiyo kazi ambayo imekuja kuzaa Quran iliyopo leo.

Baada ya kuikamilisha kazi ile, tunaambiwa katika Sahih al-Bukhari 4987: “Uthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur’anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt.”

Yaani: Uthman alipeleka kwenye kila jimbo la Kiislamu nakala moja ya Quran ile, na akaagiza kuwa maandiko mengine yote ya Quran, yawe ni vipande vidogo vya miswada au nakala kamili, vichomwe moto.

Je, waislamu wote waliikubali Quran ile?

Tunaposoma katika Sahih al-Bukhari 3808, tunaelezwa maneno aliyowahi kutamka Muhammad akisema: “Learn the recitation of the Qur’an from four: from Abdullah bin Masud, Salim, Mu’adh bin Jabal and Ubai bin Ka’b.”

Yaani: “Jifunzeni maneno ya Quran kutoka kwa watu wanne: Abdullah bin Masud, Salim, Mu’adh bin Jabal na Ubai bin Ka’b.” – nadhani unaona kuwa hapa Zayd ibn Thabit si mmoja wao.

Unadhani ni kwa nini Muhammad aliagiza kuwa watu wajifunze Quran kutoka kwa hawa aliowataja? Nafikiri jibu ni kuwa kati ya wafuasi wake wote, Muhammad alijua kuwa hawa ndio wenye Quran sahihi.

Nini basi kilitokea baada ya jopo la akina Zayd kumaliza kazi yao? Abdullah ibn Masud, ambaye ni mmoja wa wale wateule wanne wa Muhammad, alitamka maneno yafuatayo ambayo yamenukuliwa kwenye Ibn Sa’d, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol. 2, p. 444:

“The people have been guilty of deceit in the reading of the Qur’an. I like it better to read according to the recitation of him whom I love more than that of Zayd Ibn Thabit.”

Yaani: “Watu wana hatia ya udanganyifu katika kusoma Quran. Napenda zaidi kusoma kulingana na jinsi yeye [yaani Muhammad] alivyosoma, ambaye ninampenda zaidi kuliko kusoma ile ya Zayd ibn Thabit.”

Haya ni maneno ya mtu aliyeishi pamoja na Muhammad, alisikia Quran kutoka kwenye kinywa cha Muhammad na alitajwa na Muhammad kuwa watu wanatakiwa kuzipata aya sahihi kutoka kwake! Maana ya maneno yake iko wazi – kuwa Quran iliyoandaliwa na akina Zayd ni potofu.

Ibn Masud hakuishia hapo. Tunasoma katika Jami At-Tirmidhi 3104 kuwa ibn Masud alitamka pia kuhusiana na kazi ya Zayd: “O you Muslim people! Avoid copying the Musahaf and recitation of this man. By Allah! When I accepted Islam he was but in the loins of a disbelieving man.”

Yaani: Enyi Waislamu! Epukeni kunakili msahafu wala kukariri maneno ya mtu huyu. Kwa Allah! Wakati nilipoukubali Uislamu alikuwa bado kwenye viuno vya mtu asiyeamini.

Je, kila aya iliyotoka kwa Allah imo ndani ya Quran?

When Ibn Umar—son of the second Muslim caliph—heard people declaring that they knew the entire Qur’an, he said to them: “Let none of you say, ‘I have learned the whole of the Koran,’ for how does he know what the whole of it is, when much of it has disappeared? Let him rather say, ‘I have learned what is extant thereof.’”

Yaani: Ibn Umar – mwana wa khalifa wa pili katika Uislamu – aliposikia watu wakisema kuwa waliijua Quran yote, aliwaambia: “Asiwepo mtu wa kusema, ‘Nimejifunza Quran yote,’ maana awezaje mtu kujua Quran yote ni kiasi gani, wakati kiasi kikubwa kimeshapotea?

Katika Sahih Muslim 2286, tunasoma maneno yafuatayo: Abu Musa al-Ash’ari sent for the reciters of Basra. They came to him and they were three hundred in number. They recited the Qur’an and he said: You are the best among the inhabitants of Basra, for you are the reciters among them. So continue to recite it. (But bear in mind) that your reciting for a long time may not harden your hearts as were hardened the hearts of those before you. We used to recite a surah which resembled in length and severity to (Surah) Bara’at. I have, however, forgotten it with the exception of this which I remember out of it: “If there were two valleys full of riches, for the son of Adam, he would long for a third valley, and nothing would fill the stomach of the son of Adam but dust.” And we used to recite a surah which resembled one of the surahs of Musabbihat, and I have forgotten it . . .

Yaani: Abu Musa al-Ash’ari aliagiza waletwe wanaokariri kutoka Basra. Walikuja kwake nao walikuwa mia tatu. Walikariri Quran, naye akasema: Ninyi ni watu bora kabisa miongoni mwa wakazi wa Basra, maana ninyi ni watu mnaokariri (Quran) miongoni mwao. Hivyo, endeleeni kuikariri. (Lakini kumbukeni) kwamba kukariri kwenu kwa muda mrefu kusije kukafanya mioyo yenu iwe migumu kama ilivyokuwa kwa wale waliokuwa kabla yenu. Tulikuwa tukikariri sura inayolingana kwa urefu na ukali na (sura) Bara’at. Hata hivyo, nimeshaisahau, ukiacha hii ambayo nakumbuka kidogo: “Kama kungekuwapo mabonde mawili yaliyojaa utajiri, kwa ajili ya mwana wa Adamu, angetamani bonde la tatu, na wala hakuna kitu ambacho kingejaza tumbo la mwana wa Adamu isipokuwa mavumbi.” Na tulikuwa tukikariri sura ambayo ilifanana na mojawapo ya sura za Musabbhihat, na nimeshaisahau …

Haya sasa. Wajuzi wa Quran walishasahau kile walichokuwa wanakifahamu. Lakini Abu Musa analenga kuwaambia nini hawa watu 300? Anachowaambia ni kwamba: “Nimewasikia mlivyokariri enyi watu wote 300. Lakini kuna sura mbili ambazo hamzifahamu. Lakini tatizo ni kwamba hata mimi sizikumbuki. Zilishanitoka.”

Swali kwa waislamu: Kama Quran ni ujumbe wa Mungu wa mbinguni, je, bado mna ujasiri wa kusema kuwa ina kila kitu? Na inawezekanaje Mungu akaleta ujumbe ambao alijua kuwa watu watausahau? Najua kuwa Quran pia inasema kuwa Mungu wa Quran huwa anawasahaulisha watu wake aya (ambalo nalo ni jambo la ajabu – sijui anakuwa anazileta za nini sasa?)

Abu Ubaid katika kitabu kiitwacha Kitab Fada’il-al-Qur’an naye anatuambia maneno muhimu yafuatayo: A’isha . . . said, “Surat al-Ahzab used to be recited in the time of the Prophet with two hundred verses, but when Uthman wrote out the codices he was unable to procure more of it than there is in it today.”

Aisha alikuwa ni mke wa Muhammad mwenyewe. Hapa anasema: Surat al-Ahzab ilikuwa ikisomwa wakati wa Mtume ikiwa na aya mia mbili, lakini Uthman alipoandika kitabu hakuweza kupata zaidi ya ilivyo leo.

Sura al-Ahzab ina aya 73 leo. Ina maana kuwa kuna aya 127 zenye ujumbe wa Allah ambazo zilipotea. Je, bado utasema kuwa Quran ni kitabu cha kuaminika?   

Tunasoma pia kutoka Sunan Ibn Majah 1944 kuwa: It was narrated that Aishah said: “The Verse of stoning and of breastfeeding an adult ten times was revealed, and the paper was with me under my pillow. When the Messenger of Allah died, we were preoccupied with his death, and a tame sheep came in and ate it.”

Yaani: ilisimuliwa kwamba Aisha alisema: “Aya inayohusu kupiga mawe na kunyonyesha mtu mzima mara kumi ilifunuliwa, na karatasi hiyo ilikuwa chini ya mto wangu. Wakati Mjumbe wa Allah alipokufa, tulikuwa tumebanwa na shughuli kifo chake, na kondoo aliingia ndani na kuila.”

Swali kwa Waislamu? Je, aya hii anayoisema Aisha imo kwenye Quran leo? Jibu ni kuwa haimo. Ilikwenda wapi? Ililiwa na kondoo.

Je, hoja yenu kwamba Quran tangu ishushwe na Allah haikuwahi kubadilika hata kidogo; hata nukta; je, ni hoja ya kweli?

Je, kila alichosema Muhammad kiliandikwa kama alivyosema?

Muhammad alikuwa na waandishi ambao walikuwa pia wakiandika aya alizokuwa anapewa na Allah. Mmojawapo wa waandishi hao alikuwa ni Abdullah ibn Sarh. Hivi ndivyo anavyosema Abdullah kama tunavyosoma kutoka kwenye Al-Sira kilichoandikwa na al’-Iraq:

 

"I used to direct Muhammad wherever I willed. He would dictate to me 'Most High, All-Wise', and I would write down 'All-Wise' only. Then he would say, 'Yes it is all the same'. On a certain occasion he said, 'Write such and such', but I wrote 'Write' only, and he said, 'Write whatever you like.'"

 

Yaani: “Nilikuwa nikimuongoza Muhammad kokote nitakako. Yeye angeniambia ‘Aliye Juu Sana, Mwenye Hekima Yote’, na mimi ningeandika Mwenye Hekima Yote’ peke yake. Kisha angesema, ‘Ndiyo, hata hivyo ni sawa tu.’ Wakati fulani alisema, ‘Andika hivi na hivi,’ lakini mimi niliandika tu ‘Andika,’ naye akasema, ‘Andika chochote utakacho.’”

Je, hivi mtu anawezaje kuwa na ujasiri wa kusema kuwa Quran ni kitabu kinachoaminika? Kama kuna mambo mengi kiasi hiki ambayo yamepotea, utakuwa na uhakika gani kwamba unatimiza yote yanayotakiwa mtu ayafanye ili uweze kwenda mbinguni?

Kimsingi, Abdullah ibn Sarh yeye alipoona kuwa kumbe anaweza kuandika mambo na Muhammad akayakubali wakati yeye, Abdullah, anajua kuwa yametoka tu akilini mwake, aliamua kuachana na Uislamu na kumtoroka Muhammad!

Tafakari

Jihoji

Chunguza mambo

YESU ANAKUITA AKUPE UZIMA

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Kwa ajili ya kupanua maarifa na ufahamu juu ya somo hili, soma pia makala yanayopatikana HAPA juu ya ugunduzi wa nakala za zamani sana za Quran zilizogunduliwa kwenye msikiti mmoja wa kale kule Sana'a, Yemen. Ukishamaliza kusoma makala haya, kama wewe ni Mwislamu, hautabaki kama ulivyokuwa kamwe!